何謂五行 - hé wèi wŭ xíng - [The Five Phase of Qi]
- 1 -
行者，流行。
xíng zhĕ, liú xíng.
[The word] ‘Xíng’ [movement] [of the term ‘Wŭ Xíng’], refers to a flowing-type of movement.
五行者，天地間五種流行之氣。
wŭ xíng zhĕ, tiān dì jiān wŭ zhŏng liú xíng zhī qì.
[Thus][,][the term] ‘Wŭ Xíng’, refers to the five types [phase] of Qi flow between heaven and earth.
即春夏秋冬四時之氣候。
jí chūn xià qiū dōng sì shí zhī qì hòu.
They are[:] spring[,] summer[,] autumn[,] and winter – The climate of the four seasons.
寒暑温涼是也春木，夏火，秋金，冬水。
hán shŭ wèn liáng shì yĕ chūn mù, xià huŏ, qiū jīn, dōng shuĭ.
The cold-hot [and] warm-chill [i.e. the four seasons] [Qì phase representation] [are as follow] [:] spring [season] [is represented by] wood [phase of Qì], summer-fire, autumn-metal, [and] winter-water.
土者，間雜之氣。
tŭ zhĕ, jiān zá zhī qì.
The earth, are the in between mixed [phase of] Qì.
春夏之交，木氣為盡，火氣已夾。
chūn xià zhī jiāo, mù qì wéi jìn, huŏ qì yĭ jiá.
At the transition from spring to summer, where the wood Qì has been used-up, [and] fire Qì will have just squeezed in.
夏秋之間，火氣為除，金氣已至。
xià qiū zhī jiān, huŏ qì wéi chú, jīn qì yĭ zhì.
[And][at the transition] between summer and autumn, where fire Qì has been disposed, [and] metal Qì will have just arrived.
(秋冬冬春同論)
(qiū dōng dōng chūn tóng lùn).
The transition from autumn to winter and winter to spring follow the same logic.
間雜之氣名之為土。
jiān zá zhī qì míng zhī wéi tŭ.
The in-between mixed Qì is called the earth [phase].
故土又名雜氣。
gù tŭ yòu míng zá qì.
Thus[,] earth [phase] is known as ‘Zá Qì’.
下再詳之。
xià zài xiáng zhī.
Below a more detailed [explanation].
- 2 -
古者以卦代四時之氣，名為卦氣。
gŭ zhĕ yĭ guà dài sì shí zhī qì, míng wéi guà qì.
The ancient used ‘Guà’ to represent the Qì of the four seasons, and called it ‘Guà Qì’.
每卦管四十五日。
TBD.
[Where] each ‘Guà’ governs 45 days.
(五日為一候。
wŭ rì wéi yī hòu.
Five days are considered as one ‘time unit’.
每爻管三候訃十五日三爻共九後也。)
mĕi yáo guăn sān hòu fù shí wŭ rì sān yáo gòng jiŭ hòu yĕ.
[Where] each Yáo governs three ‘time unit’ equals to 15 days [hence] three Yáo [a Guà] together [become] nine ‘time unit’ [45 days].
太平御覽五行休旺論曰。
<<tài píng yù lăn>> wŭ xíng xiū wàng lùn yuē.
<<Tài Píng Yù Lăn>> [Imperial Readings of Taiping Era - an encyclopedia of Song Dynasty] on (Wŭ Xíng Xiū Wàng Lùn) chapter said[:].
- 2A -
立春。艮旺，艮居丑寅之交，立春之後也。震相，巽胎，離沒，坤死，兌囚, 乾廢，坎休。
lì chūn. gèn wàng, gèn jū chŏu yín zhī jiāo, lì chūn zhī hòu yĕ. zhèn xiāng, xùn tāi, lí méi, kūn sĭ, duì qiú, qián fèi, kăn xiū.
TBD.
- 2B -
立夏。巽旺，艮居辰巳之交，立夏之後也。離相，坤胎，兌沒，乾死，坎囚,艮廢，震休。
lì xià. xùn wàng, gèn jū chén sì zhī jiāo, lì xià zhī hòu yĕ. lí xiāng, kūn tāi, duì méi, qián sĭ, kăn qiú, gèn fèi, zhèn xiū.
TBD.
- 2C -
立秋。坤旺，坤居未申之交。立秋之後也。兌相，乾胎，坎沒，艮死，震囚, 乾巽廢，離休。
lì qiū. kūn wàng, kūn jū wèi shēn zhī jiāo, lì qiū zhī hòu yĕ. duì xiāng, qián tāi, kăn méi, gèn sĭ, zhèn qiú, gān xùn fèi, lí xiū.
TBD.
- 2D -
立冬。乾旺，乾居戌亥之交，立冬之後也。坎相，艮胎，震沒，巽死，離囚,乾坤廢，兌休。
lì dōng. qián wàng, qián jū xū hài zhī jiāo, lì dōng zhī hòu yĕ. kăn xiāng, gèn tāi, zhèn méi, xùn sĭ, lí qiú, gān kūn fèi, duì xiū.
TBD.
- 3 -
卦氣之名意義甚晦不如五行聞名知義。
guà qì zhī míng yì yì shèn huì bù rú wŭ xíng wén míng zhī yì.
The so-called ‘Guà Qì’ meaning is much less clear [more implicit] unlike the well-known ‘Wŭ Xíng’ [concept].
其於生剋制化運用自如。
qí yú shēng kè zhì huà yùn yòng zì rú.
[Which is] basically is about growth [or] controlling [relationship] and combine then transform [interaction].
故漢已後，易以五行之名稱淮南墜形訓曰。
gù hàn yĭ hòu, yì yĭ wŭ xíng zhī míng chēng huái nán zhuì xíng xùn yuē.
Thus begins from the Han era, [in explaining] ‘Yì’ [changes] [the ancient] started using the so-called ‘Wŭ Xíng’ concept[,] <<Huai Nan Zi>> [Book of Han] on Zhuì Xíng Xùn chapter said[:].
春令 木壯 水老 火生 金囚 土死
chūn lìng mù zhuàng shuĭ lăo huŏ shēng jīn qiú tŭ sĭ.
Spring season: wood is strong, water is aging, fire is growing, metal is trapped, [and] earth is dead.
夏令 火壯 木老 土生 水囚 金死
xià lìng huŏ zhuàng mù lăo tŭ shēng shuĭ qiú jīn sĭ.
Summer season: fire is strong, wood is aging, earth is growing, water is trapped, [and] metal is dead.
秋令 金壯 土老 水生 火囚 木死
qiū lìng jīn zhuàng tŭ lăo shuĭ shēng huŏ qiú mù sĭ.
Autumn season: metal is strong, earth is aging, water is growing, fire is trapped, [and] wood is dead.
冬令 水壯 金老 木生 土囚 火死
dōng lìng shuĭ zhuàng jīn lăo mù shēng tŭ qiú huŏ sĭ.
Winter season: water is strong, metal is aging, wood is growing, earth is trapped, [and] fire is dead.
四季 土壯 火老 金生 木囚 水死
sì jì tŭ zhuàng huŏ lăo jīn shēng mù qiú shuĭ sĭ.
The quarter of year: earth is strong, fire is aging, metal is growing, wood is trapped, [and] water is dead.
名詞雖改為五行, 意義仍原於易。
míng cí suī găi wéi wŭ xíng, yì yì réng yuán yú yì.
The essence of ‘Wŭ Xíng’ [concept], is still about ‘Yì’ [change].
易後天入用之卦, 坎離為主。
yì hòu tiān rù yòng zhī guà, kăn lí wéi zhŭ.
‘Yì’ [Change] [which is implied] in ‘Hòu Tiān’ Guà [arrangement], mainly relied on Kăn [Guà] [and] Lí [Guà].
坎離，水火也。
kăn lí, shuĭ huŏ yĕ.
Kăn [Guà] [and] Lí [Guà] are represented by water and fire respectively.
換言之，即寒暑也。
huàn yán zhī, jí hán shŭ yĕ.
In other words, referring to winter [and] summer [season] as well.
夏令氣候暑熱，炎威灼爍，名之為火。
xià lìng qì hòu shŭ rè, yán wēi zhuó shuò, míng zhī wéi huŏ.
Summer season generates hot weather climate, [characterized by] fierce heat and luminous [weather], [thus] represented by fire [phase of Qi].
冬令氣候凜冽，寒為泠酷，名之為水。
dōng lìng qì hòu lĭn liè, hán wéi líng kù, míng zhī wéi shuĭ.
[While] winter season generates cold weather climate, [characterized by] extremely cold [temperature], [thus] represented by water [phase of Qi].
春令由寒而暖，萬物欣向榮，故名之為木。
chūn lìng yóu hán ér nuăn, wàn wù xīn xiàng róng, gù míng zhī wéi mù.
Spring season is a transition from cold weather moving gradually to a warmer weather, where all the living things are joyful and prosper, [thus] represented by wood [phase of Qi].
秋令有暖而寒，萬物遇之而凋殘，故名之為金。
qiū lìng yŏu nuăn ér hán, wàn wù yù zhī ér diào cán, gù míng zhī wéi jīn.
[Whereas] autumn season is a transition from warm weather moving gradually to a colder weather, where all the living things are withering, [thus] represented by metal [phase of Qi].
合一年而統論之木火，陽也，金水，陰也。
hé yī nián ér tŏng lùn zhī mù huŏ, yáng yĕ, jīn shuĭ, yīn yĕ.
All the four seasons together forming one year where wood and fire [i.e. spring and summer] are considered to be the Yáng cycle, [while] metal and water [i.e. autumn and winter] are considered to be the Yīn cycle.
由春而夏陽氣逐漸增長之時。
yóu chūn ér xià yáng qì zhú jiàn zēng cháng zhī shí.
During the spring through summer [season] period[,] the Yáng Qì grows gradually.
即陰氣逐漸消鑠之會。
jí yīn qì zhú jiàn xiāo shuò zhī huì.
While the Yīn Qì declines gradually.
由秋而冬陽氣漸次消歇。
yóu qiū ér dōng yáng qì jiàn cì xiāo xiē.
[Whereas][,] during the autumn through the winter [season] period[,] the Yáng Qì declines gradually.
陰氣逐漸增長。
yīn qì zhú jiàn zēng cháng.
While the Yīn Qì grows gradually.
冬至陽生，夏之陰生。
dōng zhì yáng sheng, xià zhī yīn shēng.
Dōng Zhì [24 solar term: December 22nd] is the precise point where the Yáng Qì begins to grow[,] while Xià Zhī [24 solar term: June 22nd] is the precise point where the Yīn Qì begins to grow.
乃統一年二論陰陽也。
năi tŏng yī nián èr lùn yīn yáng yĕ.
The above are the Yin Yang [cycle] of a year.
珞錄子消息賦云。
<<luò lù zĭ xiāo xí fù>> yún.
<<Luò Lù Zĭ - Xiāo Xí Fù>> [Luò Lù Zĭ] - [Poetic Essay] has these to say [:].
元一氣兮先天。
yuán yī qì xī xiān tiān.
TBD.
稟請濁兮自然。
bĭng qĭng zhuó xī zì rán.
TBD.
著三才兮成像。
zhāo sān cái xī chéng xiàng.
TBD.
播四氣兮為年。
bō sì qì xī wéi nián.
TBD.
又三命指迷賦云。
yòu <<sān mìng zhĭ mí fù>> yún.
Another book <<Sān Mìng Zhĭ Mí Fù>> said[:].
一氣肇判兮兩儀定位。
yī qì zhào pàn xī liăng yí dìng wèi.
TBD.
五行周流兮萬物從類。
wŭ xíng zhōu liú xī wàn wù cóng lèi.
TBD.
是即言四時陰陽五行。
shì jí yán sì shí yīn yáng wŭ xíng.
The above excerpts talk about the Yīn Yáng Wŭ Xíng of the four seasons [in a year].
乃一氣之循環也以五行配方位。
năi yī qì zhī xún huán yĕ yĭ wŭ xíng pèi fāng wèi.
[Where][a year having the four seasons within] is considered to be a single Qì cycle [one complete cycle] and the ‘Wŭ Xíng’ harmony with cardinal direction.
亦由氣侯之自然。
yì yóu qì hóu zhī zì rán.
It also speaks about the way of the nature’s climate.
春令東風為主。
chūn lìng dōng fēng wéi zhŭ.
Spring weather has eastern wind as the primary.
夏令南風為主。
xià lìng nán fēng wéi zhŭ.
Summer weather has southern wind as the primary.
秋令西風為主。
qiū lìng xī fēng wéi zhŭ.
Autumn weather has western wind as the primary.
冬令北風為主。
dōng lìng bĕi fēng wéi zhŭ.
Winter weather has northern wind as the primary.
氣後逐漸轉移。
qì hòu zhú jiàn zhuăn yí.
[However] the climate shifts in gradual manner.
故春夏之間多東南風，夏秋之間多西南風。
gù chūn xià zhī jiān duō dōng nán fēng, xià qiū zhī jiān duō xī nán fēng.
Thus[,] between spring and summer period has southeastern wind, [while][between] summer and autumn period has southwestern wind.
秋冬之間多西北風。
qiū dōng zhī jiān duō xī bĕi fēng.
Between autumn and winter period has northwestern wind.
冬春之間多東北風。
dōng chūn zhī jiān duō dōng bĕi fēng.
Between winter and spring period has northeastern wind.
足徵五行方位
zú zhēng wŭ xíng fāng wèi.
[These are] ample evidence of the ‘Wŭ Xíng Fāng Wèi’.
皆隨自然之氣後以配合。
jiē suí zì rán zhī qì hòu yĭ pèi hé.
Each of them is conformed to the way of the nature’s climate by matching the characteristic.
史謂伏羲氏仰觀象於天。
shĭ wèi fú xī shì yăng guān xiàng yú tiān.
History said that Fú Xī [the legendary Chinese Emperor 2852-2738 BC] look upward toward the Heaven which is reflecting the image.
俯觀發於地。
fŭ guān fā yú dì.
Look downward to see what happen on Earth.
中觀萬物之宜。
zhōng guān wàn wù zhī yí.
Look into the middle to see the appropriate living things.
又云黃帝名大撓氏探五行之情以作甲子。
yòu yún huáng dì míng dà náo shì tàn wŭ xíng zhī qíng yĭ zuò jiă zĭ.
It is also said that Huáng Dì [The Yellow Emperor, mythological emperor of China, reigned c. 2697-2597 BC]… to explore the Wŭ Xíng nature by creating the Jiă Zĭ [system].
因四時推候皆合，而定名詞非意測杜撰可知也。
yīn sì shí tuī hòu jiē hé, ér dìng míng cí fēi yì cè dù zhuàn kĕ zhī yĕ.
Since each of the four seasons with its featuring weather all match [with Wŭ Xíng], then it is decided the term [Wŭ Xíng] doesn’t change the implied meaning and can serve the same purpose [in explaining Yì].
- 4 -
以木火金水代春夏秋冬之氣。
yĭ mù huŏ jīn shuĭ dài chūn xià qiū dōng zhī qì.
[Thus][,] wood-fire-metal-water [i.e. the five phases of Qi] is used to represent the spring-summer-autumn-winter [i.e. the four seasons],
而配以東南西北之方位。
ér pèi yĭ dōng nán xī bĕi zhī fāng wèi.
and to match the east-south-west-north the four cardinal directions,
既如上述四時之交間雜之氣名之以土。
jì rú shàng shù sì shí zhī jiāo jiān zá zhī qì míng zhī yĭ tŭ.
as well the aforementioned the in between-mixed Qì within the four seasons transition which is earth [phase of Qì].
書云土居中央寄於四隅。
shū yún tŭ jū zhōng yāng jì yú sì yú.
The book said earth resides at the center [and] deposits at the four corners.
八卦以坎離震兌為正位。
bā guà yĭ kăn lí zhèn duì wéi zhèng wèi.
[The Hòu Tiān] Bā Guà arrangement has Kăn, Lí, Zhèn, and Duì to represent the cardinal direction.
(以言地支。即子午卯酉也)
yĭ yán dì zhī. jí zĭ wŭ măo yŏu yĕ
In earthly branch terms, those are Zĭ-Wŭ-Măo-Yŏu.
以乾坤艮巽為四隅。
yĭ qián kūn gèn xùn wéi sì yú
[While] Qián, Kūn, Gèn, and Xùn represent the four corners [ordinal direction].
(乾，戌亥。艮，丑寅。巽，辰巳。坤，未申。)
(qián, xū hài. gèn, chŏu yín. xùn, chén sì. kūn, wèi shēn.)
Qián [Guà] embraces Xū and Hài. Gèn [Guà] embraces Chŏu and Yín. Xùn [Guà] embraces Chén and Sì. Kūn [Guà] embraces Wèi and Shēn.
土為專位。
tŭ wéi zhuān wèi.
Earth is at the center position.
而寄於四隅。
ér jì yú sì yú.
[and] resides at the four corners [ordinal direction].
故以辰戌丑未為專旺之地。
gù yĭ chén xū chŏu wèi wéi zhuān wàng zhī dì.
Thus Chén-Xū-Chŏu-Wèi are the prosperous earth.
更附火生寅祿於巳。
gèng fù huŏ shēng yín lù yú si.
To add, fire grows at Yín ‘Lù’ at Si.
附水生申祿於亥。
fù shuĭ shēng shēn lù yú hài.
[While] water grows at Shēn and ‘Lù’ at Hài.
雖散居四隅而旺於中央。
suī săn jū sì yú ér wàng yú zhōng yāng.
Though separated into and resides at the four corners, however [earth] is prosperous at the center.
故一年之中, 夏令之土為最旺。
gù yī nián zhī zhōng, xià lìng zhī tŭ wéi zuì wàng.
Thus in a year, Earth most prosperous phase is at the summer season.
下文再詳論之。
xià wén zài xiáng lùn zhī.
The chapter below will explain further.
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